Mindfulness refers to a family of contemplative practices and states related to the cultivation of awareness, presence, and equanimity. Originally rooted in Buddhist traditions, mindfulness has undergone a significant transformation as it entered Western psychological discourse, particularly within cognitive, neuroscientific, educational, and clinical frameworks. This chapter explores the theoretical, philosophical, and cultural underpinnings of mindfulness, its epistemological ambiguities, and its impact on cognition, emotion, selfhood, and society. It addresses current critiques concerning its secular appropriation, functional reductionism, and cultural decontextualization, while considering its revolutionary potential in reshaping psychological models of consciousness and wellbeing for individuals and societies. Drawing from neurophenomenology, enactivism, and cultural psychology, the chapter reframes mindfulness as both a mental training and a culturally situated existential stance with a potential to affect society at large.