With increasing awareness towards the end of the last century, that the development of the world in terms of economy, technology and population needed and still needs to change to support an ever-growing human population, sustainable development and conscious use of natural resources have been increasingly incorporated in economy policies and business strategies. Against this background, this chapter explores current research in relevant fields, such as traditional and renewable precursor materials and carbon fibre processing improvement strategies. Furthermore the life cycle engineering approaches utilized for this work are introduced and the latest LCA (life cycle assessment) studies for carbon fibre manufacture are compared.