The Biofilm Blueprint: Exopolysaccharide Form and Function in Bacterial Biofilms

This chapter examines the composition of exopolysaccharides within the bacterial biofilm matrix, unraveling their intricate roles in biofilm formation and infection pathogenesis. Serving as key structural components of the biofilm matrix, exopolysaccharides form part of the complex network of polymers secreted by biofilm bacteria. Here, we explore biosynthesis pathways, regulatory mechanisms, and multifaceted functions of exopolysaccharides—drawing insights from notable exopolysaccharides like alginate, Pel, Psl, cellulose, and poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG). Specifically, we focus on exopolysaccharide-mediated mechanisms of adhesion, biofilm mechanics, immune evasion, and resistance to antimicrobials. Furthermore, we discuss the translational potential of antibacterial therapeutics that target exopolysaccharides. Through an exploration of the structure and functions of exopolysaccharides, this chapter contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of biofilm biology, highlighting unresolved questions and potential avenues for future research in this critical area.