An IoT Level Application for Aquifer Monitoring Using Cunningham and Reinhard Equation for Dimensionless Pumping Rate

Aquifers are crucial underground water storage layers. They provide essential freshwater for drinking, agriculture, and industry. Identifying groundwater depth and quality is crucial for sustainable water management, safe drinking water, and environmental protection. Additionally, it aids infrastructure design and contamination remediation, safeguarding this vital resource for the future. Various methods have been developed for the same. IoT and sensors are like smart eyes for groundwater monitoring. The article aims to collect real time aquifer data for a period of time working on an IoT platform. A prototype of the aquifer system incorporating a recreated soil moisture sensor to identify the fluctuations and aquifer characteristics, along with a system to sense the depth of water in aquifer for the created prototype is utilized. This advanced setup, controlled by an ESP 32 board, allows real-time data transmission to a mobile application and stores historical data in a database for future reference. The prototype set at various discharges, observed sensor data and manual data shows good agreement with respect to Pearson correlation of >0.95 with significant level <0.001. The result from proposed technology under recharging and drawdown conditions can be summarised that the percentage of water present in the aquifer measured using recreated soil moisture sensor showcase a high potential of groundwater resource above 75%. Therefore, the technology can be utilised for identification of an aquifer region along with its recharging and drawdown characteristics that working on an IoT platform.