Teaching with Ultrasounds

The use of ultrasound before the execution of the neuraxial block promotes the success of the conventional technique, thanks to the accurate identification of the level of the intervertebral space and the midline of the spine and the estimation of the depth of the epidural/subarachnoid space. Although further research is needed to define its role in terms of safety, the most recent scientific evidence reinforces the usefulness of eco-assistance, especially on patient populations with anatomical landmarks difficult to identify, such as obesity, deformities or previous spine surgery. So far, no methodology has been validated with respect to the teaching of sonoanatomy of the vertebral column. The commonest teaching model is based on conventional modules consisting of a theoretical lesson by an expert, a practical workshop, which usually includes the demonstration on a living model and a session of practical exercises by the learners. Nonconventional educational models based on simulation techniques diffused in the last decades. They include cadaver workshops, exercises on a wide variety of mannequin simulators and online lessons on the web. Mannequin simulators, both expensive commercial products and systems manufactured by hand, provide a realistic educational experience and preserve patient safety at the same time. Lastly, technological development has supported the introduction of innovative teaching tools, such as virtual reality.