Urbanization and Mental Health

Almost 55% of today’s population live in cities and this rate is expected to increase in the next decades. Urbanization is a direct consequence of globalization as well as industrialization, social migration, and economic and political transitions. Urbanization affects mental health through social, economic, and environmental factors. It has been shown that common mental syndromes are highly prevalent in the cities, even if many data are frequently controversial. Social disparities, social insecurity, pollution, and lack of contact with nature are some of recognized factors affecting urban mental health. We begin by exploring the neurobiological processes mediating the impact of urbanization on mental health. Subsequently, we delve into the link among urbanicity and risk of psychosis, depressive disorders, suicide, and addiction disorders. Furthermore, we explore patterns of care for psychiatric patients living in big cities. This chapter underscores the critical importance of considering mental health in the context of increasing urbanization. Sustainable urbanization is key to successful development. Well-managed urbanization, informed by an understanding of population trends over the long run, can help to maximize the benefits of agglomeration while minimizing environmental degradation and other potential adverse impacts of growing number of city dwellers. Health, social, and economic professionals should form partnerships for operational preventive and service solutions. Adequate policies to adapt to that process should be advocated and pursued. Urban mental health may be improved by designing cities to provide residents with regular access to green spaces, opportunities for physical activities, facilitated social interactions, and fostered feelings of safety.