Radicalization and Mental Health

The recent increase in global conflicts has been associated with the phenomenon of the active participation of civilians into the conflicts, including “foreign fighters,” often driven by complex motivations beyond economic gain. This phenomenon can be explained by the radicalization process, a multi-step process leading individuals to adopt extreme ideological beliefs that can manifest in mass violence. Different models of radicalization, including the Pyramid Model and the Two Pyramid Model, have been described, illustrating the gradient from sympathizers to terrorists, with the latter representing the apex of radical commitment. This chapter explores the changing landscape of radicalization in Europe, emphasizing the rise of “home-grown” terrorists and the shifting methods of recruitment facilitated by the internet. These changes have led to younger and more vulnerable individuals being drawn into radical ideologies. The focus will be on the specific case of foreign fighters, highlighting their historical presence in conflicts and the recent interest due to their involvement in the Middle East, particularly with jihadist groups like Daesh. The Russo-Ukrainian War has also attracted foreign fighters, with thousands joining both pro-Russian and pro-Ukrainian forces. Finally, we will underscore the need for strategies that aim to prevent radicalization and mitigate the associated security risks.