Haptic Interactions: Connections Between Touch and Emotion in Relationships

Although much research on the nonverbal expression of emotion forefronts one’s use of the face to send messages, many of the most significant emotional experiences result from—or are related to—the use of touch. The haptic interactions that emerge in early contact between strangers can quickly change the tenor of a relationship, while the use of touch between established interpersonal connections can communicate openness, affection, inclusion, and interest in ways unlike any other nonverbal codes. At the same time, communication of threat or negative emotions like anger are perhaps most effectively demonstrated through negative forms of touch, while an expression of sympathy like a warm embrace might provide unparalleled comfort to a grieving friend. This chapter describes not only the structural forms of touch that emerge across a variety of relationships but also the functional expressions of touch, exploring the emotional expression and affective experience of both parties sending and/or receiving touch. In addition, the use of Expectancy Violation Theory provides insight to the potential impact of touch on established and novel relationships and the haptic interactions that emerge across a variety of contexts.