Nonenzymatic Selective Electrochemical Determination of Dopamine Using Fe3+-Doped Hydroxyapatite

The use of nanomaterials in the detection of dopamine (DA) is of significant importance in the timely identification of hyperprolactinemia and Parkinson’s disease. Among several scientific methodologies, electrochemical sensing has shown its efficacy as a precise, cost-effective, expeditious, and straightforward technology that enables the detection of dopamine at trace levels. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is an inorganic compound composed of calcium phosphate, which closely resembles the mineral composition found in bones and teeth. Its great biocompatibility, outstanding electron transfer behavior, and many surface active sites which assist chemical reactions made it a prominent candidate for future developments. In this study, we present Fe3+-HAp ceramic nanoarchitectures that are designed to effectively detect dopamine. The synthesized samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-Raman (Raman), FT-Infra Red (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The electrocatalytic activity of Fe3+-Hap-modified glassy carbon electrodes was shown to be very effective in the oxidation of DA. The oxidation peak currents exhibited a linear relationship with the concentration of DA within the range of 5–500 μM, under optimum circumstances. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) method was used to estimate the lowest detection limits as 3.515 μM (S/N = 3). The artificially created sensor demonstrates accurate electrochemical reactions with exceptional selectivity, sensitivity, and consistency in detecting the oxidation of DA.