Energy Transition Minerals

Even with greater re-use and recycling, the global demand on Energy Transition Minerals (ETMs) will be immense in a world which is already competing for scarce resources. Commodities such as cobalt, lithium, copper, nickel, and manganese are not evenly distributed around the world, and China plays a dominate role in the refining and smelting of many metals. Sharp and unplanned increases in the demand for ETMs will bring new risks for communities adjacent to existing and new mine sites, including indigenous peoples, and greater risks for local conflict as well as the exploitation of artisanal miners.