The Neuroimmune Interface: Age-Related Responses to Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a significant public health issue, with diverse consequences across the lifespan. This comprehensive review explores the complex interplay between age-related responses and the immune system following TBI. TBI exhibits distinct effects in pediatric, adult, and elderly populations, with profound implications for recovery and long-term outcomes. The immune system, as a key player in the post-TBI inflammatory cascade, exerts age-dependent influences on inflammation, neuroinflammation, and tissue repair. We examine the evolving understanding of age-related neuroinflammatory responses, cytokine profiles, and the role of immune cells, such as microglia and T cells, in the context of TBI. Furthermore, we evaluate the therapeutic implications of age-specific immunomodulation strategies toward mitigating TBI-associated neuropathology. This review consolidates the current knowledge on age-related immune responses in TBI, shedding light on potential avenues for tailored therapeutic interventions across the age spectrum. Understanding these nuanced responses is crucial for optimizing patient care and enhancing recovery outcomes in the aftermath of traumatic brain injury.