Trees in Multifunctional Landscapes: Definition, Classification, Systems, Structure, Functionality, Examples in Africa

The Chapter provides the definition and concept of multifunctional landscapes in the African context. It also highlights the merits of the different landscape approaches recognizing that no single one can address the needs of all existing African landscapes. Ultimately, the people-centred approach to multifunctional landscape management has the merit for addressing the diverse needs for biodiversity conservation, including climate change, food security and poverty alleviation. In this regard, the principles of Multifunctional Landscape approaches emphasize managing landscapes to achieve the dual purpose of multifunctionality and people-centred sustainable resource conservation. The Chapter highlights different tree-based ecosystem approaches and technologies where trees provide a broad range of ecosystem services that often go beyond their specific habitat, e.g. habitat for pollinators, corridors for wildlife mobility and contribution to the local and global climate systems. It also recognizes traditional tree-based ecosystem management practices across different African landscapes including the tropical forests, savanna woodlands and the Sahel. The selected practices presented in this chapter are neither exhaustive nor meant to be replicated or taken as a blueprint for successful multifunctional landscape approaches, but rather intended to provide a basis for innovation to integrate trees in multifunctional landscapes.