The escalating demand for sustainable development, coupled with the urgent need to mitigate the environmental impact of construction practices, has propelled the advancement of structural optimization as a pivotal approach in engineering. This chapter delves into the transformative potential of structural optimization techniques to foster the creation of more sustainable and environment-friendly structural systems. Through the lens of innovative material efficiency, we explore how the strategic use of materials—not merely reducing their quantity but optimizing their application—can lead to structures that uphold or enhance quality, safety, and functionality, while significantly diminishing the environmental footprint of construction activities. We commence with a comprehensive overview of the current state of structural optimization methodologies, including topology, shape, and size optimization, highlighting their relevance and application in the pursuit of sustainability. Furthermore, we discuss the benefits of optimization in structural design, such as the potential to minimize material usage without compromising structural integrity, while also addressing the challenges and limitations inherent in this endeavor.