The division of the population according to language and religion was not carried out under Ottoman rule, but seemed particularly important to Europe. European scholars tried to define these divisions even though the region itself did not use them. Censuses did exist in the Croatian-Slavonian military border, which was considered multicultural and multi-confessional, but not in the European Orient. In their perspective, Balkan researchers had their hands full with this project. This chapter, which refers to Kanitz’s ethnological studies, shows the narratives about the population that he transferred to (Central) Europe, the “characteristics” with which he equipped them, and the political roles he ascribed to them. Who were these people who had been hidden in “darkness” from the eyes of the West for centuries? Which of their stories and cultures does Kanitz capture to present them in the academic and mass media publics of Europe?