The Role of Hydrogen in Energy System: State of Art and Future Prospects

In the scope of the transformation and decarbonization of the energy system, hydrogen as a versatile energy carrier could play a significant role. It can be used as a storage for excess electricity from variable renewables and as feedstock or energy source in different sectors. Although hydrogen is currently mostly used in industry, in the future it can be used in conjunction with electricity in the transport sector. However, the major challenges for the faster integration of hydrogen in the energy system are high costs related to hydrogen production and use, the need for new and expensive infrastructure, and moderate efficiency. Moreover, the future of hydrogen is very dependent on the supporting policy framework and long-term visions, which should provide more clarity on the mid- and long-term developments and reduce the risk in the investment in hydrogen technologies, including infrastructure.