Portugal

Luis de Camões and António Vieira write about the lure of gold and eternal fame, Almeida Garrett about wealth. For Vieira, a good education is gold, and “the fruit harvested is in the image of the work accomplished”. Camões explains that the only constraint in man’s life is change. Camilo Castelo Branco explains how pride and its effects depend on one’s station. José Maria de Eça de Queiroz explains the role of curiosity. Fernando Pessoa writes about endeavour. Vieira urges serving your country, ungrateful towards you though it might have been. On the subject of communication, Vieira draws attention to the supremacy of images over words, but that in the end deeds are what matter. For him, generosity is the key to the success of any undertaking. Literature Nobel prize-winner Sousa Saramago discourses about time, chance, and strategy. Like Camões, for Saramago there is no better teacher than experience. Arthur Dunkel explains the role of international commerce.