History of Robotics in Spine Surgery

Medical robots come in various forms, ranging from remote workstations (surgeon-surrogate association) to computer-assisted intraoperative guidance tools (surgeon-adjunct link), all designed to improve the technical aspects of a surgery. Robotics promotes a less invasive surgical approach, especially for difficult-to-reach anatomical regions and can lead to increased operating room efficiency, reduced radiation exposure, safe surgery, and better clinical outcomes. The Mazor spine robot was the first device that gained FDA clearance around 2004 and has since undergone multiple software and device-related iterations. The current state of spinal robotics includes a combination of preplanned stereotactic robotic movements combined with navigation oversight, or a primarily navigation system that utilizes a robotic stabilizing arm. However, despite nearly 20 years of development, spinal robotics is still in its nascent stage, and as usage expands one can expect a more rapid development of innovative advancements.