Imaging-Based Navigation: Summary of Clinical Results

This chapter evaluates the clinical results of imaging-based navigation systems in the practice of spinal surgery. The first generation of this technology utilized preoperative imaging. Most modern navigation software utilizes either intraoperative fluoroscopy or computerized tomography (CT). Additionally, augmented reality has emerged as a form of image guidance during spinal surgery. Multiple studies have compared the accuracy of instrumentation placement using standard techniques with that of imaging-based navigation software. Navigation software has an established role in both surgery for spinal deformity and minimally invasive surgery. The role of navigation in cervical spinal surgery is being investigated. Radiation exposure is of particular interest to surgeons as it can have deleterious life-long effects on surgeon health. There is good evidence to demonstrate the radiation exposure to both surgeon and operating room staff with the various navigation modalities. The clinical evaluation discusses unique complications of this software. This chapter will also evaluate the cost effectiveness of this technology in surgical practices.