3D-Printed Patient-Specific Guides: Basics and Current Systems

3D printing, also known as rapid additive manufacturing, adds materials layer by layer to construct the final product and offers many potential advantages including increased flexibility in the design process as well as efficient production that accommodates patient’s unique anatomy and needs. In spinal surgery, 3D printing has been shown to improve surgical dissection, accuracy of implant placement, and execution of spinal osteotomies. 3D-printed anatomic models improve communication in the perioperative setting. 3D-printed non-custom implants may allow for model refinement (such as geometries not previously attainable with traditional manufacturing modalities). Additionally, 3D-printed customized implants may allow for improved surgical management in complex spinal pathology. This review outlines the history and basics of 3D printing technology, its current applications in spinal surgery, and its associated advantages and disadvantages.