Overview of Electric Vehicles Charging Technologies

The paper discusses the various electric vehicle (EV) charging technologies in the context of smart cities. It begins with a representation of battery swap stations (BSS), where exhausted batteries are exchanged with fully or partially charged ones. However, this technique has its limits, which must be addressed by looking for other alternative solutions. One of them is the second method discussed, conductive charging, employed in plug-in vehicle applications, relying on a physical connection between the vehicle and the charging equipment. This method can deliver either AC or DC current based on the charger topology, i.e., on-board or off-board charger. The evolution of smart mobility has given rise to wireless charging, with inductive charging being another choice in EV applications, facilitating energy transfer through electromagnetic fields. The paper also provides an overview of standards and guidelines for managing both conductive and inductive charging. These measures ensure the safety, interoperability, and efficiency of the charging process. Taking into consideration the advantages and disadvantages of each charging method, it highlights how crucial it is for manufacturers and authorities to follow standards in order to ensure that EV users have a smooth charging experience.