Mechanisms Mediating the Effect of Stress on the Tumor Process

Stress, mostly chronic and/or excessive, can influence cancer initiation and progression through multiple mechanisms. Experimental and clinical data have shown that mediators released during neuroendocrine stress response affect all hallmarks of cancer and thus have a stimulatory effect on tumor initiation, tumor cell proliferation, and metastasis (Cui et al. 2021; Eckerling et al. 2021; Wang et al. 2022; Wu et al. 2022; Lempesis et al. 2023; Yan et al. 2023).