Artificial Intelligence and the Perspective of Autonomous Surgery: 3D Printing

Cross-sectional imaging, including computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is pivotal in surgical planning, offering high-quality visuals. However, these methods often present bi-dimensional images, lacking in-depth anatomical comprehension. Three-dimensional (3D) printing addresses this limitation, enhancing surgeon’s spatial perception and aiding preoperative planning. Studies demonstrate its efficacy in surgical education and patient counseling. In procedures, 3D printing allows for customizable implants and tumor excision planning. Despite its rising popularity, challenges such as cost, time, and image quality persist, raising concerns about patient radiation and privacy in customizable implant development. While 3D printing transforms surgical approaches, overcoming these hurdles is crucial for widespread adoption.