Surgery 4.0 in the Operating Room

The chapter introduces “Surgery 4.0”—a concept integrating cyber-physical systems and services to enhance surgical processes. Drawing parallels with “Industry 4.0,” it explores key components such as the Internet of Things, edge computing, AI, and data analysis for optimal decision-making. The authors explore the possibilities of adapting these principles in the operating room (OR). They address challenges in achieving interconnectivity, propose a role for an intelligent robotic mediator, and discuss the application of AI and machine learning in the surgical OR. The chapter underscores the need for collaboration between technical and surgical domains, emphasizing a new culture of “surgineering” for successful implementation of technology.