Nasal Effects of Propolis

The resinous substance known as propolis is a product of the beehive made up of plant components that hive workers gather. Afterward, salivary enzymes are added to the wax, and the mixture is combined with wax to make propolis. Bees chew on these components. Flavonoids and caffeic acid esters are propolis fractions with the most significant potential biological activity. Propolis possesses antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory properties, antimicrobial properties, and most importantly, antibacterial properties. Furthermore, the propolis component known as caffeic acid is powerful in blocking pro-inflammatory proteinase, matrix metalloproteinase-9, which is known to be elevated in ulcers. Propolis topical application has been proven effective in treating ulcers. In light of this, several nations have approved its use in treating ulcers and abrasions. The profile of adverse effects associated with propolis is likewise considered modest.