Attention, Motivation, Feedback, and Complexity

This chapter explains the broader considerations for human motor-skill learning. Working memory is guided by our attention. Modern research holds that focusing attention away from the actual motions we are making improves the motions themselves, and also, the end result—the music we create. External focus of attention reduces self-consciousness and directs our energy toward the task at hand. The Constrained Action Hypothesis explains that using internal focus inhibits our innate natural processes to learn and move automatically, reflexively, and efficiently. Motivation provides an accompanying release of dopamine that makes us feel good, but it also aids in motor-skill learning and memory consolidation. Positive feedback and achieving success together with challenge are crucial factors for motor-skill learning and performance in music. Complex skills, rather than simple skills, are better learned by breaking music into component parts first, reducing load. Always keep challenge at the highest possible level in practice to gain the most benefits.