Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Current Insights

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder that affects women in the reproductive age group from adolescence to menopause. It is characterized by anovulatory menstrual irregularities and infertility, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound morphology. It is also associated with significant cardiometabolic risks, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity. A review of the literature indicates that current management interventions for PCOS are largely symptom based and focus on the improvement of hyperandrogenism, menstrual cycle regularity, and fertility. As the precise cause of PCOS remains unknown, treatment of this disorder targets the amelioration of hormonal imbalances and metabolic dysfunction that characterizes PCOS. Therefore, lifestyle modifications and hormonal therapy are the most widely used forms of treatment. Metformin is also considered in treatment regimens because of its usefulness in improving insulin resistance, reducing androgen levels and body mass index. The treatment of PCOS should include regular check-ups to effectively manage the symptoms associated with the disorder. The etiology of PCOS is an enigma. However, understanding the pathophysiology allows for a more efficient and earlier diagnosis of women who are vulnerable to developing PCOS. This would greatly aid the management of affected women with PCOS and enhance their quality of life. This chapter provides a narrative review of the multifaceted features associated with PCOS development, the clinical manifestations as well as the management of affected women in the various stages of their reproductive life.