Ophthalmological Pathology of the Eye: Orbit

Pathology of the orbit begins by presenting changes in the position of the eyeball in the orbit: proptosis and enophthalmia, with the presentation of their clinical characteristics. Thyroid orbitopathy (TO) associated in 90% with hyperthyroidism, is the most common cause of proptosis, which in TO is axial, nonpulsatile, reducible, permanent and exceeds 20 mm. Proptosis is accompanied by eyelid changes—exposure keratopathy, diplopia, restrictive myopathy, optic neuropathy. Treatment of TO requires interdisciplinary collaboration—endocrinologist/ophthalmologist. The most common infectious inflammatory conditions of the orbit are preseptal and postseptal cellulitis (orbital abscess), a condition that is an absolute ocular emergency, requiring immediate administration of injectable antibiotics, hospitalization and interdisciplinary control. Primary orbital tumors, benign and malignant, have multiple clinical forms, they can be cystic (dermoid cyst), vascular (capillary cavernous hemangioma), fibroma, fibrosarcoma, osteoma, osteoblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, optic nerve tumors and secondary and metastatic tumors.