Current Indications and Evidence for Left Atrial Appendage Closure

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is highly prevalent, and it significantly increases the risk of stroke and peripheral embolism-related deaths. Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) is appropriate for non-valvular AF patients with high thromboembolic risk (CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥2 for men and ≥3 for women) and high bleeding risk (HAS-BLED score ≥3 for both genders). Thromboembolic risk, major bleeding history, and high fall risk were the most common procedural indications for LAAO. Currently, percutaneous LAAO is indicated for non-valvular patients who are not undergoing cardiac surgery and have contraindications to long-term anticoagulation. In addition, surgical ligation or amputation of the LAA can be safely performed in patients with AF undergoing any type of cardiac surgery.