Implementation and Localisation of Japanese-Style Vocational Education in China

This chapter examines how the borrowed Japanese vocational education model was implemented and adapted by various significant actors such as governors, local gentry, merchants, and local educational associations. The first section investigates the role of major actors in implementation. The second section explores how the borrowed Japanese vocational education model was implemented in response to a variety of tensions and challenges including: (1) the contradictions between the imperial examination and vocational schools borrowed from Japan, (2) the conflicts between the need for unified management and the imperfection of the national education administration system, (3) the contradictions between the huge demand for funds and insufficient financial support, (4) the conflicts between the high demand for teachers and the lack of teachers, (5) the difficulty in improving student attendance, and (6) the difficulty in developing teaching materials.