A multiscale economic analysis requires global, regional, and local data and parameters. This chapter introduces the benchmark data required to describe the current status of human and environmental systems. The behavioral parameters that describe how the system responds to changes and shocks are described in Chap. 7 . The benchmark data include geospatial information on input usage and agricultural production as well as regional information about exports, imports, and food consumption in the reference year. After running a SIMPLE-G simulation, these values are expected to change in response to new economic conditions. We obtain these data from a variety of sources (e.g., international databases, satellite imagery, climate and hydrological simulations, and national censuses). These data are then processed and made consistent to produce gridded data that can be used within the model. This consistent, multiscale dataset allows researchers to better understand and predict the impact of certain changes on the human and environmental systems.