Convergence and Alignment

This chapter analyzes the convergence of the liberal relationships between the European Union (EU) and Mexico and Chile, resulting in the negotiations for the first association agreements with Latin American countries and, in the past decade, the modernization of both agreements. Chile has strengthened its convergence with the European Union in various sectors, including green energy and essential materials. In the case of Mexico, policy reforms in energy and competition implemented by the Lopez Obrador administration and insecurity and human rights violations generated uncertainty from the European perspective. Concerning Brazil, instead of experiencing a convergence with the European Union, both parties developed bilateral cooperation outside of structure of the proposed EU-MERCOSUR Association Agreement.