Among the SDGs it is important to distinguish between ends and means, the former are strategic use values, the latter belong to the realm of exchange values. Two reproduction cycles are examined: the capitalistic one and the sustainable one, the latter underlines the role of human beings, People, and the preservation of natural resources, Planet. How far market forces can be oriented to the achievement of sustainable development? This chapter presents some recent contributions. The use of incentives and the establishing of appropriate institutions might support development processes, while Randomized Control Trials provide useful indications in particular in the case of localized developmental issues. Approaches based on the circular economy and on green deal plans highlight the fact that environmental sustainability requires major changes in the present production and consumption systems. Some authors underline the structural constraints facing developing countries and the need for a more decisive role of the state. Other authors ask for a process of de-growth, which might even imply the abandonment of capitalist production. The Covid-19 pandemic has exposed an additional fragility of low-income countries, where the lack of fiscal space makes it impossible to mitigate the effect of pandemics and it impairs their path toward sustainable and human development.