Climate Change and Environmental Pollution: Biological Consequences on Urban Forests

Climate change and environmental pollution are formidable threats to the integrity and functionality of urban forests. This chapter provides a detailed exploration of the biological ramifications of these phenomena on urban forests, with a specific focus on phenological, physiological, biochemical, molecular, and gene expression aspects, elucidating their profound effects on plant growth and development. The influence of climate change on urban forests is evident in disrupted phenological patterns, induced physiological stress, biochemical imbalances, and molecular-level alterations in gene expression, all of which hinder plant growth and development. Similarly, environmental pollution instigates morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes in urban forest ecosystems, jeopardizing their overall health and resilience. This chapter delves into adaptation and mitigation strategies to boost urban resilience against these challenges. These strategies encompass selecting climate-resilient tree species, enhancing urban forest management practices, improving soil health and fertility, and implementing green infrastructure projects. Furthermore, it addresses the policy implications of these challenges, providing recommendations for policymakers to devise and implement effective strategies for alleviating the adverse impacts of climate change and environmental pollution on urban forests. The insights derived from this chapter have the potential to assist urban planners and policymakers in safeguarding the indispensable ecological functions and services provided by urban forests. Ensuring the sustained contribution of urban forests to the well-being of urban ecosystems and communities paves the way for a more resilient and sustainable future.