The Application of the SHEL and CHEESE Models in Improving Navigation Safety to Prevent Ship Collision Accidents

From 2020 to 2022, there were 162 ship accidents, as reported by Allianz Global Corporate & Specialty. One type of ship accident examined in this study is the ship collision accident. Ship collisions have a major impact on maritime navigation in terms of economic loss and loss of life. To address this issue, this study identifies the causal factors of ship collisions and proposes prevention strategies. The study adopts the SHEL model to categorize contributing factors into software, hardware, environment, and liveware. These findings from the SHEL analysis were bridged to the Swiss Cheese model, emphasizing a multi-layered approach involving company policies, master's policies, officers on watch, and able-bodied on watch to develop prevention strategies. The proposed prevention strategies underscore the importance of procedural adherence, equipment maintenance, adaptability to the environment, and the human element in ensuring navigation safety. The outcomes of this research provide invaluable insights for ship owners, ship masters, and researchers in the shipping industry. The findings can significantly contribute to reducing collision risks and improving navigation safety in future.