Between EU Requirements and Local Initiative: The Local Energy Transition in Germany and France

This study aims to highlight the powers and obligations that EU legislation has transferred to the local level in the field of energy transition. The directives, regulations, and policies adopted by the EU in the field of energy transition have created a solid framework for its Member States and have massively encouraged their policies in this field. All EU Member States are bound by the same rules and targets. However, national sovereignty and organizational diversity lead to differences in the transposition of EU law into national law. Using France and Germany as examples, this study shows how implementation varies despite the commitment of each country. Using this example, it is possible to demonstrate the diversity of the results of the transposition of EU law. Due to their different constitutional and administrative structures, both countries have chosen different ways to empower local authorities. However, in both countries, it is clear that the local level plays a key and central role in advancing the energy transition: through territorial planning for renewable energy projects, urban redevelopment, and financial support mechanisms, local authorities are empowered with several tools necessary for the success of the energy transition. In addition to the range of opportunities offered to local authorities by EU regulations, they can also be an obstacle if there’s no harmonization for cross-border areas or if high environmental standards are implemented, which can stop renewable energy projects.