Mangrove Microbiome Dynamics: Exploring Diversity and Ecological Interactions

The diverse and dynamic nature of microbial communities within mangrove ecosystems holds significant ecological and scientific importance. Microbes in this ecosystem actively contribute to various biogeochemical processes, the cycling of nutrients, and the holistic functionality of ecosystems. The remarkable diversity observed in mangrove ecosystems is reflected in the intricate microbial realm, which encompasses a wide array of microorganisms such as bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, and protists. Each of these groups performs distinct roles crucial to maintaining the balance within the ecosystem. Microbial communities exhibit adaptability to a range of environmental and chemical factors, thereby influencing microbial biodiversity and its constitution. Within mangrove ecosystems, microorganisms play many crucial roles such as breaking down organic debris, fixing nitrogen, converting carbon, and recycling nutrients, all of which enhance the ecosystem’s general health and production. Microbial communities undergo dynamic changes across time and space due to a variety of causes, including predation, temperature, and the availability of nutrients. These populations are significantly impacted by both seasonal fluctuations and transient disturbances. The challenges posed by climate change and ocean warming introduce additional complexity, impacting the organization and structure of microorganisms. These alterations have far-reaching effects across the whole ecological system, impacting aspects such as cycling of nutrients and fishery. A thorough comprehension of the dynamics and diversity of microorganisms is crucial in order to effectively conserve and manage mangrove ecosystems in a sustainable manner. The focus of this chapter is specifically directed toward examining the diversity, dynamics, key abiotic factors within the ecosystem, possible carbon impacts of mangrove microorganisms, and challenges, gaps, and future scopes of mangrove microbiome studies.