Safe Drinking Water and Wastewater Disposal in Pakistan: A Basic Human Right

The study aims to understand water supply and wastewater disposal governance in rural areas of Punjab, Pakistan, with a focus on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 16 and 6. The study highlights the interdependence of these goals, as poorly managed wastewater disposal affects groundwater quality and the right to safe drinking water. In rural areas, open drains and damaged pipes contribute to water contamination and disease. The Punjab Housing Urban Development and Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) is responsible for safe drinking water supply and proper wastewater disposal. The study selected four villages in Punjab province, where community-based organizations collaborate with PHED to manage water supply and disposal. Despite chlorinating the water at the source, focus group interviews, individual interviews, water samples, and water testing results revealed chemical and microbial contamination in accordance with WHO guidelines. We found less access, inclusivity, and accountability for safe drinking water and wastewater disposal among the rural population. For wastewater treatment in rural areas, the study recommends the construction of indigenous wastewater disposal technology, such as community septic tanks.