The Current State and Prospects of Using the Method of High-Speed Evaporation–Condensation for the Production of Dispersed and Nanocrystalline Materials

The possibilities of high-speed evaporation and condensation of metals and nonmetals in a vacuum to create new composite materials are considered. Such materials include composite dispersion-strengthened layered and porous materials. Dispersion-strengthened condensates consist of a polycrystalline metal or ceramic matrix with dispersed particles of the second phase evenly distributed in the volume. By varying the temperature of the substrate, the deposition rate can be changed, and the average size of crystallites from several hundred microns to several hundred nanometers, and the particles of the strengthening phase from several nanometers to several microns. The evaporative condensation method allows to realize two typical approaches to the formation of structural microlayer condensates: (1) Condensation at relatively low temperatures and, as a result, condensates with a high crystal lattice density inside each layer; (2) Producing micro-layer condensates with a sufficient equilibrium structure at substrate temperatures of 0.4–0.5 of the least refractory layer. Electron beam technology can be successfully applied to porous materials.