Antimicrobial Peptides in Reproductive Health and Therapeutic Applications

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small cationic peptides produced by a variety of organisms, ranging from bacteria to complex eukaryotes like humans. These peptides play multifaceted roles in the male and female reproductive systems, contributing to the defense mechanisms and the maintenance of reproductive health. Within the male reproductive system, AMPs, particularly beta defensin, serve immune-enhancing functions while also playing critical roles in spermatogenesis. They safeguard sperm from the female reproductive tract’s immune defenses, aid in the formation of the sperm reservoir, and facilitate crucial processes like sperm capacitation and the acrosome reaction. Additionally, beta defensin has emerged as a marker for male fertility. Moreover, in semen extenders, AMPs act as alternatives to antibiotics, facilitating the cryopreservation of semen. In the female reproductive tract, these peptides are secreted by the lining and are also present in the placenta. They contribute to innate uterine defense mechanisms and are expressed in the placenta, further emphasizing their importance in reproductive health. Notably, AMPs play a significant role in the prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and other infections, underscoring their therapeutic potential. Interestingly, certain AMPs exhibit spermicidal effects, suggesting their potential application as contraceptives. This multifunctional aspect of AMPs underscores their diverse roles in reproductive biology. This chapter aims to explore the intricate functions of AMPs in the reproductive system, shedding light on their significance in both male and female reproductive health.