AI4S Based on Parallel Intelligence

AI for Sciences (AI4S) has made significant achievements in recent years. To tackle challenges and advance future research, this chapter introduces the Parallel Intelligence perspectives for analyzing, comparing, and developing AI4S within a unified framework called HANOI-AI4S. First, a systematic introduction to Parallel Intelligence is provided, followed by the perspectives of Parallel Science, characterized by “three worlds, three ITs, three scientists, and three modes.” The challenges of AI4S and benefits of a unified AI4S framework are then analyzed. Finally, the details of HANOI-AI4S are described, with an emphasis on human roles, organizations, and AI methods.