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In this study, the impact of post-printing heat treatment on an arc-directed energy deposition (arc-DED) fabricated nickel-aluminum bronze (NAB) alloy was thoroughly evaluated, aiming to tailor its microstructure for enhanced mechanical properties compared to the as-printed state. Microstructural analysis, conducted using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction, identified the presence of lamellar κIII (NiAl) and globular κII (Fe3Al) phases as intermetallics embedded within the α-phase matrix (Cu-matrix) in the as-printed arc-DED-NAB. The as-printed alloy demonstrated a yield strength (YS) of 314 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 643 MPa, and 31% elongation along the building direction. Subsequent to the printing process, two different heat treatment cycles were performed on the as-printed alloy, that is, solutionizing followed by aging, and direct aging. Solutionizing at 950 °C for 2 h, followed by quenching and aging at 675 °C for 6 h, yielded UTS and YS of 691 and 335 MPa, respectively, with 25% elongation. Differently, direct aging of the as-printed alloy at 675 °C for 6 h resulted in a higher UTS and YS, recorded at 716 and 354 MPa, respectively, while elongation reduced to 23%. This study concludes that direct aging alone provides the most favorable combination of strength and ductility, resulting in the formation of globular κII and the coarsening of needle-like κV, and the complete spheroidization of lamellar κIII, compared to the solutionizing, quenching, and aging heat treatment process.

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Tailoring Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of an Arc-Directed Energy Deposited Nickel-Aluminum Bronze Alloy via Post-Printing Heat Treatment

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Ahmed Aliyu,
  • Donald Paul Bishop,
  • Ali Nasiri

摘要

In this study, the impact of post-printing heat treatment on an arc-directed energy deposition (arc-DED) fabricated nickel-aluminum bronze (NAB) alloy was thoroughly evaluated, aiming to tailor its microstructure for enhanced mechanical properties compared to the as-printed state. Microstructural analysis, conducted using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction, identified the presence of lamellar κIII (NiAl) and globular κII (Fe3Al) phases as intermetallics embedded within the α-phase matrix (Cu-matrix) in the as-printed arc-DED-NAB. The as-printed alloy demonstrated a yield strength (YS) of 314 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 643 MPa, and 31% elongation along the building direction. Subsequent to the printing process, two different heat treatment cycles were performed on the as-printed alloy, that is, solutionizing followed by aging, and direct aging. Solutionizing at 950 °C for 2 h, followed by quenching and aging at 675 °C for 6 h, yielded UTS and YS of 691 and 335 MPa, respectively, with 25% elongation. Differently, direct aging of the as-printed alloy at 675 °C for 6 h resulted in a higher UTS and YS, recorded at 716 and 354 MPa, respectively, while elongation reduced to 23%. This study concludes that direct aging alone provides the most favorable combination of strength and ductility, resulting in the formation of globular κII and the coarsening of needle-like κV, and the complete spheroidization of lamellar κIII, compared to the solutionizing, quenching, and aging heat treatment process.