This study explores the multifaceted challenges in fabricating polar icebreakers, particularly in light of the escalating effects of global warming on the Arctic region. As Arctic ice melts, a shorter trade route between Asia and Europe emerges, highlighting the need for efficient polar-class vessels. However, the harsh conditions posed by extremely cold climates significantly impact the performance of icebreaker hulls, requiring careful selection of steel grades for optimal strength, toughness, weldability, and cost-effectiveness. Given frequent collisions with ice blocks, prioritizing hull steels with high-impact energy in low temperatures is imperative. Therefore, careful selection of marine steel with a minimal ductile–brittle transition temperature (DBTT) emerges as a crucial factor in enhancing the safety of ship hulls in subzero conditions. The DBTT is intricately linked to the chemical composition and microstructural features of the steel, underscoring the significance of these factors in determining the steel’s performance under challenging environmental conditions. Ensuring the precise chemical composition of marine steels and employing suitable heat treatment and thermomechanical processing are vital for enhancing the microstructure and, consequently, the mechanical properties of marine steels in subzero temperatures. Optimizing processing parameters facilitates the development of acicular ferrite, enhancing toughness at low temperatures. In shipbuilding, welding is pivotal and necessitates customized methods for each marine steel grade, considering thickness, chemical composition, and mechanical properties. Careful selection and customization of welding methods, combined with precise adjustment of process parameters, are crucial to ensure the optimal performance and durability of marine steels in polar icebreaker applications.