Metals are key to achieving the global energy transition to a low-carbon world. Carbon emissions in primary metal production are also under scrutiny. In particular, efforts are underway worldwide to reduce carbon emissions from the global iron and steel-making industry, which at present produces about 9% of global carbon dioxide emissions. The four metals next to iron and steel in combined tonnage (Al, Cu, Zn, and Ni) represent a significant 3.5% of global carbon dioxide emissions based on the author’s estimate, and incremental improvements to existing technologies and development of new processes have started. This paper discusses new approaches for both the iron and steel and non-ferrous industries, including the potential use of hydrogen as a chemical reagent. Pilot plant testing of new technologies will be key to developing robust future plants. A brief look at historical timelines in selected successful piloting and commercialization experienced in the iron/steel and nickel industries is included in this extended abstract.