Control Advances in Upper Limb Prostheses: A Review. Part II: Non-Invasive Methods

This paper surveys the latest developments in control techniques for upper limb prosthetics and underscores the critical need for efficient control mechanisms to enhance prosthetic functionality and user experience. It categorizes control techniques according to the invasiveness of their signal acquiring methods, with a focus on non-invasive options. The article explores innovative approaches like multigrasp prosthetics, electrotactile feedback and the use of artificial neural networks for precise movement control. Additionally, alternative sensing techniques such as sonomyography, near-infrared technology, electroencephalography (EEG), and mechanomyography (MMG) are discussed, highlighting their potential to improve prosthetic sensitivity and accuracy. The integration of multisensory approaches is also considered, accentuating advances in prosthetic control aimed at improving the quality of life of limb amputees.