Enhancing Energy and Coverage Efficiency of Underground Wireless Sensor Network Using Relay Node in Smart Agriculture

Smart agriculture is one of the many domains in which recent developments in radio and sensor technologies enable environmental monitoring. The sensors are responsible for collecting data from various subterranean and terrestrial settings, which are subsequently transmitted to the central base station. This data is then utilized to make informed decisions on environmental control measures aimed at optimizing crop growth. Despite the fact that they offer more intelligent services, they have difficulties in terms of concerns such as energy consumption and coverage. This research proposes building wireless sensor networks in smart agriculture with relay nodes to maximize energy and coverage for subterranean and above-ground sensors. The paper introduces a clustering model that incorporates ideas for selecting the most suitable number of relay nodes in a network. The findings indicate that by reducing the number of disconnected nodes in the network by a factor of 2.1, while requiring just 1/5 of the relay nodes, the wireless sensor network may achieve improved energy efficiency and expanded coverage area.