Modified Carbon Nanotubes-Based Electrodes for Sensing Biomolecules and Pharmaceutical Compounds

This chapter offers a wide description of modified carbon nanotubeCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) (CNT)-based electrodesElectrodes for biosensingBiosensing applications, specifically focusing on biomoleculesBiomolecules and pharmaceutical compounds. Beginning with an overview of carbon materials-based electrodes, the discussion looks into the distinct properties of 3-D-ordered mesoporous carbonMesoporous carbon, 2-D carbon materials (grapheneGraphene, graphene oxideGraphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and carbon nitrideCarbon nitride), 1-D carbon nanotubes, and 0-D carbon quantum dotsCarbon quantum dots and fullerenesFullerenes. The advantages of carbon nanotubesCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) over other carbonaceous materialsCarbonaceous materials are emphasized, laying the groundwork for their predominant role in biosensing. The chapter details the synthesis, purification, and functionalization of carbon nanotubes for biosensorsBiosensors, covering diverse methods such as electric arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapor deposition Chemical vapor depositionfor synthesis, as well as chemical, physical, and physical–chemical methods for purification. Covalent and non-covalent functionalization strategies are discussed in the context of enhancing the electrochemical performance of CNT-based electrodesElectrodes. A significant portion of the chapter is dedicated to exploring nanocomposite electrodes, highlighting the integration of carbon nanotubesCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) into nanocomposite structures for improved biosensingBiosensing capabilities. Case studies and examples illustrate the successful application of these modified electrodes in detecting biomoleculesBiomolecules and pharmaceutical compounds, showcasing their versatility and effectiveness. The chapter concludes by presenting future prospects and potential applications of modified CNT-based electrodes in biosensing, outlining the evolving landscape and anticipated advancements in the field.