The five extant rhinoceros species are the only relics of a once diverse family of odd-toed ungulates known as the Rhinocerotidae. They are among the last representatives of a bygone era when gigantic mammals roamed the landscape, enduring millions of years of climatic, geological and, latterly, human pressures. This chapter will guide you through the evolution of the rhinoceros family, from its beginnings within the mammals to the diversification of populations within each extant species. We recount the centuries-long journey that led to the reconstruction of the evolutionary history of the Rhinocerotidae. We also provide the first overview of intraspecific rhinoceros taxonomy that incorporates morphological, molecular and biogeographic evidence for an objective appraisal of all extant subspecies or populations. Lastly, we review the success of ex situ rhinoceros populations and highlight their conservation value.