Introduction to Electromagnetic Wave Propagation

Maxwell’s equations are the governing equations to analyze all electromagnetic wave propagation problems, from RF radio waves used in cellular mobile communications 1–2 GHz, mm waves (frequency range of 30–100 GHz) up to optical wave propagation in the frequency range of 200 THz (see also [1–5]). Depending on the applications, different carrier frequencies are used from 1 GHz to mm-waves or even to the optical spectrum. These frequencies have different abbreviations, standardized by different organizations like IEEE, ITU, EU and NATO, and are listed in the Appendix A.