The Delhi Sultanate: 1226AD to 1526AD

This chapter delves into the Delhi Sultanate, spanning from 1226 AD to 1526 AD, a period defined by Muslim incursions and colonisation in India. It traces the Sultanate’s origins back to Muhammad ibn al-Qasim’s 709 AD invasion of Sind. Mahmud of Ghazni’s 1019 AD incursion into the Ganges Valley and the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate in 1206 AD following Muhammad Ghuri’s invasion is also documented. The chapter explores cultural and religious aspects, architectural contributions, and economic structures of this era, highlighting Sultan Iltutmish’s favouritism towards Sufism over strict Sharia law. Economically, the Sultanate implemented notable reforms, including a land tax system and measures under Sultan Ala al-Din Khalji to fortify the economy and military. Politically, the Sultanate centralised power under the Sultan, appointing provincial governors to manage regions. Culturally, advancements in art, architecture, and scholarship flourished, with Sufism playing a pivotal role. The chapter also discusses the multifaceted reasons behind the Sultanate’s decline, such as economic instability and weakened military strength, culminating in Babur’s 1526 invasion and the start of the Mughal Empire. Ultimately, the Delhi Sultanate’s economic, political, and cultural reforms left a lasting impact on the region, shaping its history and laying the groundwork for future empires in India.