China’s high-speed railway has a total length of 41000 km, of which bridges account for about 40%. The resonance mechanism of vehicles and bridges is discussed respectively. According to measured data and theoretical analysis, the (40 + 56 + 40) m and (40 + 64 + 40) m continuous girders may resonate due to the periodic load of train. And when the beam with a certain span is continuously arranged, the vehicle will also generate resonance due to periodic excitation. This paper investigated the measured natural frequencies of high-speed railway bridges and vehicles, and analyzed the sensitive wavelength of typical vehicles. For vehicle resonance, a special test is carried out by preset periodic irregularities, and the vehicle dynamic response is measured. For bridge resonance, an engineering example is provided. For the above vehicle and bridge resonance, all have been theoretically verified through train-track-bridge dynamic analysis, and the influence of resonance on the dynamic response of vehicle and bridges is systematically analyzed.